XC=BASIC v3

ABS

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:04:40+00:00

ABS The ABS() function returns the absolute value of the passed numeric parameter. Function Header DECLARE FUNCTION ABS AS BYTE (num AS BYTE) SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION ABS AS INT (num AS INT) OVERLOAD SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION ABS AS WORD (num AS WORD) OVERLOAD SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION ABS AS LONG (num AS LONG) OVERLOAD SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION ABS AS FLOAT (num AS FLOAT) OVERLOAD SHARED STATIC INLINE

@ (address of)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T15:38:33+00:00

@ (address of) [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] @ (address of) is a unary operator that resolves the memory address of a variable or label. The address is returned as a WORD. Examples DIM x AS INT PRINT "x resides at address "; @x DIM y(3) AS LONG PRINT "array member addresses: "; @y(0), @y(1), @y(2) mylab: PRINT "this code piece starts at "; @mylab

AND

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T15:38:53+00:00

AND [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] The AND operator performs a bitwise AND operation. Syntax AND Both operands can be any type of numeric expression, except FLOAT. Examples PRINT 1 AND 0 : REM outputs 0 IF x >= 0 AND x <= 10 THEN PRINT "x is between 0 and 10"

AS

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-11-23T14:31:45+00:00

AS The AS keyword is generally used to define the type of a variable or parameter. It may appear as part of the below commands: * DATA * DIM * FOR * FUNCTION * SUB

ASC

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:04:52+00:00

ASC The ASC() function takes the first char of a string and returns its numeric PETSCII code. If an empty string is provided, the function will return 0. The inverse function of ASC() is CHR$. Function Header DECLARE FUNCTION ASC AS BYTE (char$ AS STRING) SHARED STATIC INLINE

ASM

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T15:39:31+00:00

ASM [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] Syntax ASM END ASM The ASM directive injects bare 6502 assembly code into the compiled XC=BASIC code without any modification. As XC=BASIC itself produces

ATN

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:05:02+00:00

ATN (Defined in TRIGONO.BAS) The ATN() function returns the arctangent of the argument. It is the inverse function of TAN. Function header DECLARE FUNCTION ATN AS FLOAT (x AS FLOAT) SHARED STATIC TRIGONO.BAS Example INCLUDE "trigono.bas" PRINT ATN(0.5) : REM will output 0.464088

BACKGROUND

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T15:44:18+00:00

BACKGROUND [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [m65] Sets the background color. Syntax BACKGROUND BACKGROUND , * is the color code. The accepted values are: * 0 - 7 for [vic20] * 0 - 15 for [c64] [c16] [cplus4]

BORDER

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T15:45:49+00:00

BORDER [v3.1] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] Sets the border color. Syntax BORDER BORDER , * is the color code. The accepted values are: * 0 - 7 for [vic20] * 0 - 15 for [c64] [c16] [cplus4]

BYTE

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-11-24T10:03:30+00:00

BYTE The BYTE keyword can be used in several statements to designate a variable or value as an 8-bit unsigned binary number. See Data Types and DIM for more information.

CALL

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T15:46:14+00:00

CALL [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] The CALL command executes a subroutine. Syntax CALL ([ [, , ...]]) The called subroutine must be defined or forward declared before it can be called. See the Subroutines page for more information.

CBYTE

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:05:16+00:00

CBYTE The CBYTE() function converts its argument to an unsigned 8-bit byte value. Function header DECLARE FUNCTION CBYTE AS BYTE (arg AS INT) SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION CBYTE AS BYTE (arg AS WORD) OVERLOAD SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION CBYTE AS BYTE (arg AS LONG) OVERLOAD SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION CBYTE AS BYTE (arg AS FLOAT) OVERLOAD SHARED STATIC INLINE

CFLOAT

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:05:45+00:00

CFLOAT The CFLOAT() function converts its argument to a floating point value. Function header DECLARE FUNCTION CFLOAT AS FLOAT (number AS BYTE) SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION CFLOAT AS FLOAT (number AS INT) OVERLOAD SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION CFLOAT AS FLOAT (number AS WORD) OVERLOAD SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION CFLOAT AS FLOAT (number AS LONG) OVERLOAD SHARED STATIC INLINE

CHARAT

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T19:18:40+00:00

CHARAT [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] The CHARAT command outputs a single character at the given X and Y position of the currently selected screen without affecting the cursor position. Syntax CHARAT , , [, ]

CHARSET

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T19:26:08+00:00

CHARSET [v3.1] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] The CHARSET command tells the display chip where to look for the character set. Syntax CHARSET [RAM|ROM] Changing the character set is slightly different on each platform. Commodore 64 and 128

CHR$

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:05:56+00:00

CHR$ The CHR$() function converts a number between 0 and 255 to its matching PETSCII character (as string). The inverse function of CHR$() is ASC. Function header DECLARE FUNCTION CHR$ AS STRING (charcode AS BYTE) SHARED STATIC INLINE Examples PRINT CHR$(147): REM clear the screen

CINT

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:06:06+00:00

CINT The CINT() function converts its argument to a signed 16-bit value. Function header DECLARE FUNCTION CINT AS INT (number AS BYTE) SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION CINT AS INT (number AS WORD) OVERLOAD SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION CINT AS INT (number AS LONG) OVERLOAD SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION CINT AS INT (number AS FLOAT) OVERLOAD SHARED STATIC INLINE

CLOCK_DAY

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-12-30T13:02:10+00:00

CLOCK_DAY [x16] Defined in X16.BAS. Returns the day portion of the current date/time, a number between 1 and 31. Function header FUNCTION CLOCK_DAY AS BYTE () SHARED STATIC Example INCLUDE "x16.bas" day = CLOCK_DAY() PRINT "today is the "; day; IF d = 1 THEN PRINT "st" : END IF d = 2 THEN PRINT "nd" : END IF d = 3 THEN PRINT "rd" : END PRINT "th" : END

CLOCK_HOUR

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-12-30T13:05:12+00:00

CLOCK_HOUR [x16] Defined in X16.BAS. Returns the hour portion of the current date/time, a number between 0 and 23. Function header FUNCTION CLOCK_HOUR AS BYTE () SHARED STATIC Example INCLUDE "x16.bas" DIM k AS BYTE DECLARE FUNCTION PAD$ AS STRING * 2 (num AS BYTE) STATIC ' Set clock to 2022-12-30 12:56:00 CALL SETCLOCK(122, 12, 30, 12, 56, 0) PRINT "{CLR}" PRINT "displaying clock. press any key to exit" DO PRINT "{HOME}"; PAD$(CLOCK_HOUR()); PRINT ":"; PAD$(CLOCK_MIN()); PRINT "…

CLOCK_MIN

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-12-30T13:23:27+00:00

CLOCK_MIN [x16] Defined in X16.BAS. Returns the minutes portion of the current date/time, a number between 0 and 59. Function header FUNCTION CLOCK_MIN AS BYTE () SHARED STATIC Example INCLUDE "x16.bas" DIM k AS BYTE DECLARE FUNCTION PAD$ AS STRING * 2 (num AS BYTE) STATIC ' Set clock to 2022-12-30 12:56:00 CALL SETCLOCK(122, 12, 30, 12, 56, 0) PRINT "{CLR}" PRINT "displaying clock. press any key to exit" DO PRINT "{HOME}"; PAD$(CLOCK_HOUR()); PRINT ":"; PAD$(CLOCK_MIN()); PRINT …

CLOCK_MONTH

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-12-30T12:49:30+00:00

CLOCK_MONTH [x16] Defined in X16.BAS. Returns the month portion of the current date/time, a number between 1 and 12. Function header FUNCTION CLOCK_MONTH AS BYTE () SHARED STATIC Example INCLUDE "x16.bas" DIM monthname$(12) AS STRING * 9 @strdata PRINT "it is "; monthname$(CLOCK_MONTH() - 1) END strdata: DATA AS STRING * 9 "january", "february", "march", _ "april", "may", "june", "july", _ "august", "september", "october", _ "november…

CLOCK_SEC

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-12-30T13:23:55+00:00

CLOCK_SEC [x16] Defined in X16.BAS. Returns the seconds portion of the current date/time, a number between 0 and 59. Function header FUNCTION CLOCK_SEC AS BYTE () SHARED STATIC Example INCLUDE "x16.bas" DIM k AS BYTE DECLARE FUNCTION PAD$ AS STRING * 2 (num AS BYTE) STATIC ' Set clock to 2022-12-30 12:56:00 CALL SETCLOCK(122, 12, 30, 12, 56, 0) PRINT "{CLR}" PRINT "displaying clock. press any key to exit" DO PRINT "{HOME}"; PAD$(CLOCK_HOUR()); PRINT ":"; PAD$(CLOCK_MIN()); PRINT …

CLOCK_YEAR

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-12-30T12:41:21+00:00

CLOCK_YEAR [x16] Defined in X16.BAS. Returns the year (1900-based) portion of the current date/time. Function header FUNCTION CLOCK_YEAR AS BYTE () SHARED STATIC Example INCLUDE "x16.bas" PRINT "the year is "; CLOCK_YEAR() + 1900 See also * SETCLOCK * CLOCK_MONTH *

CLONG

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:06:18+00:00

CLONG The CLONG() function converts its argument to a signed 24-bit value. Function header DECLARE FUNCTION CLONG AS LONG (number AS BYTE) SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION CLONG AS LONG (number AS INT) OVERLOAD SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION CLONG AS LONG (number AS WORD) OVERLOAD SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION CLONG AS LONG (number AS FLOAT) OVERLOAD SHARED STATIC INLINE

CLOSE

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-24T07:58:48+00:00

CLOSE The CLOSE command is used for closing a currently opened file. Syntax CLOSE See also * OPEN

Code Modules

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-01-21T17:35:47+00:00

Code Modules A Code Module (or simply module) is a file containing XC=BASIC statements. An XC=BASIC program consists of one or more modules. .bas.bas Although completely optional, it is a good idea to organize code in multiple modules for better readability and maintainability if the program is growing exceedingly large.

Commander X16 support

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-12-31T19:23:38+00:00

Commander X16 support XC=BASIC can compile programs to the Commander X16 from version 3.2.x16-beta. Mostly everything that has been part of the core language is ported to the [x16], including sprites, sound and interrupts. In addition, a new library is available to the user to exploit some of the additional features that this machine offers.

CONST

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T19:34:06+00:00

CONST [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] The const directive defines a constant. Constants are named values that exist in compile-time only and are replaced with their numeric value in runtime. Syntax [SHARED] CONST =

CONTINUE

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T19:34:23+00:00

CONTINUE [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] The CONTINUE keyword is used for skipping the rest of a FOR ... NEXT or DO ... LOOP block and go to the next iteration. Syntax CONTINUE [FOR|DO] When used without the FOR or DO keyword,

COS

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:06:36+00:00

COS (Defined in TRIGONO.BAS) The COS() function returns the cosine of the argument. Function Header DECLARE FUNCTION COS AS FLOAT (arg AS FLOAT) SHARED STATIC TRIGONO.BAS Examples INCLUDE "trigono.bas" PRINT COS(0) : REM outputs .999403 PRINT COS(0.785398) : REM outputs .707704

CSRLIN

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:06:54+00:00

CSRLIN [c64] [vic20] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] The CSRLIN() function returns the current row position of the cursor. Function header DECLARE FUNCTION CSRLIN AS BYTE () SHARED STATIC INLINE Example PRINT "the cursor is currently in row "; CSRLIN()

CWORD

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:07:06+00:00

CWORD The CWORD() function converts its argument to an unsigned 16-bit value. Function header DECLARE FUNCTION CWORD AS WORD (number AS BYTE) SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION CWORD AS WORD (number AS INT) OVERLOAD SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION CWORD AS WORD (number AS LONG) OVERLOAD SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION CWORD AS WORD (number AS FLOAT) OVERLOAD SHARED STATIC INLINE

DATA

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T19:34:41+00:00

DATA [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] The DATA directive marks an area where numeric or string literal values are stored. Syntax DATA AS [, ...] The DATA statement in XC=BASIC is different from the one in CBM BASIC. In XC=BASIC, there's no

Data Types

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-06-24T22:05:21+00:00

Data Types XC=BASIC offers 7 built-in data types (also called primitive types): Type Numeric range Size in bytesBYTE 0 to 255 1 INT -32,768 to 32,767

DECIMAL

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-11-23T14:06:51+00:00

DECIMAL The DECIMAL keyword can be used in several statements to designate a variable or value as a 4-digit binary-coded decimal (BCD) number. See Data Types and DIM for more information.

DECLARE

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T19:35:28+00:00

DECLARE [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] The declare keyword forward-declares a subroutine or function. Syntax DECLARE SUB ([arg1 AS [, arg2 AS , ... ]]) [OVERRIDE] [STATIC] [SHARED] DECLARE FUNCTION AS ([arg1 AS [, arg2 AS , ... ]]) [OVERRIDE] [STATIC] [SHARED]

DEEK

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:16:32+00:00

DEEK The DEEK() function returns the content of the specified memory address plus one, as a 16-bit WORD. The return value is a number between 0 and 65535. Function declaration DECLARE FUNCTION DEEK AS WORD (address AS WORD) SHARED STATIC INLINE ' MEGA65 only DECLARE FUNCTION DEEK AS WORD (address AS LONG) OVERLOAD SHARED STATIC INLINE

DIM

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-08-03T14:54:51+00:00

DIM [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] DIM is used for defining variables and arrays. Syntax DIM|STATIC [SHARED] [FAST] _ [()] AS [@

] _ [, [()] AS [@

] ... ] _ [SHARED] [FAST]

DO

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T19:36:59+00:00

DO [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] The DO ... LOOP block defines a pre-test or post-test loop. Pre-test syntax DO WHILE|UNTIL LOOP Post-test syntax DO LOOP WHILE|UNTIL The former is used to test the condition before entering the loop body and the latter is used to test the condition after each iteration. This effectively means that post-test loop will be executed at least once, whereas in a pre-test loop the condition…

DOKE

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T19:37:14+00:00

DOKE [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] Syntax DOKE

, The DOKE command stores a 16-bit value (WORD or INT) in two consecutive bytes at the given memory address. Examples DOKE $C000, 1986 ' Will store the value to $C000-$C001 PRINT DEEK($C000)

ELSE

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-11-23T14:47:31+00:00

ELSE ELSE marks the fail branch of an IF block. See IF.

END

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T19:38:04+00:00

END [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] Syntax END END ASM END FUNCTION END IF END SUB END TYPE The END command terminates the execution of the program immediately. It can be used within the normal program flow and/or (optionally) at the very end of the program.

ENTROPY

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-12-30T11:29:51+00:00

ENTROPY [x16] Defined in X16.BAS. Returns a (somewhat) random 24-bit number that can serve as the seed for the RANDOMIZE command. Function header FUNCTION ENTROPY AS LONG () SHARED STATIC Example ' Display a sequence of 10 random numbers RANDOMIZE ENTROPY() FOR i AS BYTE = 1 TO 10 PRINT RND() NEXT

ERR

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:07:28+00:00

ERR The ERR() function returns the code of the last emitted error. It can be used in an error handling routine.

Error Handling

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-09-11T16:41:57+00:00

Error Handling Defining an error handling routine Starting from XC=BASIC version 3, certain runtime errors are trappable using the ON ERROR GOTO statement. You can specify a custom error handling routine that makes it possible to recover from errors when needed. The following example demonstrates this functionality:

ERROR

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T19:39:24+00:00

ERROR [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] The ERROR command triggers a runtime error. Errors can be trapped using the ON ERROR GOTO statement. Syntax ERROR Where is a number between 0 and 255. See also

EXIT

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-11-24T09:56:34+00:00

EXIT The EXIT keyword has multiple usages: * EXIT DO exits a DO loop * EXIT FOR exits a FOR loop * EXIT FUNCTION exits a FUNCTION * EXIT SUB exits a SUB

EXP

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:07:41+00:00

EXP EXP() is a mathematical function that evaluates the inverse natural logarithm of the argument, that is, the constant e (approx. 2.71828) raised to the power of the number given. Function header DECLARE FUNCTION EXP AS FLOAT (num AS FLOAT) SHARED STATIC INLINE

Arithmetic expressions

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2024-07-30T22:51:22+00:00

Arithmetic expressions When no parentheses are present, arithmetic expressions are evaluated from left to right, with multiplication and division having a higher priority than addition and subtraction. The following table explains operator precedence in XC=BASIC:

FAST

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-11T20:42:17+00:00

FAST The FAST keyword can be used: * In a DIM statement to instruct the compiler to assign a zeropage address to the variable * In a SYS statement in order to skip fetching registers before and after the system call

File I/O

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T15:34:30+00:00

File I/O [vic20] [c16] [cplus4] [c64] [c128] [m65] File input-output in XC=BASIC was designed to be mostly compatible with CBM BASIC so that the same commands can be used for opening, reading from and writing to files. Since XC=BASIC is a strongly typed language, and therefore it comes with restrictions, there are some small differences to be aware of. Those differences are explained on each command's reference page.

FILTER

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T19:57:22+00:00

FILTER [c64] [c128] [m65] Selects various sound filter properties. Syntax FILTER [] [ ...] * is optional and defines on which SID chip the filter values should be set. If it isn't provided, it defaults to 1. This parameter is useful on multi-SID systems, for example a

FLOAT

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-11-24T10:05:09+00:00

FLOAT The FLOAT keyword can be used in several statements to designate a variable or value as a 32-bit floating point number. See Data Types and DIM for more information.

Control Flow Statements

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-01-21T20:07:01+00:00

Control Flow Statements Conditional branching With the IF statement you can test a condition and then run code based on whether the condition test passed or failed. IF THEN END IF The IF clause runs the statements under it when the

FOR

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T19:58:06+00:00

FOR [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] Syntax FOR [AS ] = TO [STEP ] NEXT [] The FOR ... NEXT loop initializes a counter variable and executes the statements in the block until the counter variable equals the value in the

FUNCTION

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T19:58:21+00:00

FUNCTION [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] The FUNCTION keyword starts a function block. Syntax FUNCTION AS ([ AS [, AS ]...]) [OVERLOAD] [PRIVATE|SHARED] [STATIC] END FUNCTION

Function Reference

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-08-22T13:32:59+00:00

Function Reference Functions A-Z * ABS * ASC * ATN * CBYTE * CFLOAT * CHR$ * CINT * CLONG * COS * CSRLIN * CWORD * DEEK * ERR * EXP * FLOOR * JOY * KEY * LCASE$ * LEFT$ * LEN * LOG * MID$ * PEEK * POS * POW * RIGHT$ * RND * RNDB * RNDI * RNDL * RNDW * SCAN * SGN * SHL * SHR * SIN * SPRITEBGHIT * SPRITEHIT * SQR * ST * STR$ * TAN *

Functions

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-02-07T09:51:02+00:00

Functions Functions in XC=BASIC are essentially the same as Subroutines, with one important difference: functions must return a value. Everything else that is described on the previous page is true for functions and will not be repeated here. Defining the return type A function must always return a type, that is, the type of the value that it returns. You must define the return type in the function definition line using the

GET#

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T20:01:09+00:00

GET# [vic20] [c16] [cplus4] [c64] [c128] [m65] The GET# statement is used to read a single character from a file. The file must be opened beforehand with the same logical file number, using the OPEN statement. Syntax GET #,

GET

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T19:58:54+00:00

GET [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] Syntax GET The GET commands reads a single character from the keyboard buffer and assigns it to the given variable. * If the variable is a of a numeric type, it will be assigned the numeric PETSCII code of the character,

GOSUB

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T20:25:55+00:00

GOSUB [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] Syntax GOSUB The GOSUB command calls a subroutine marked by a label. RETURN will pass control back to the caller. Subroutines Example REM ** subroutines ** GOSUB first_routine END first_routine: PRINT "hello world" GOSUB second_routine RETURN second_routine: PRINT "and hello again" RETURN

GOTO

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T20:26:24+00:00

GOTO [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] The GOTO command is used for jumping to a labelled code point. Syntax GOTO See also * GOSUB

HSCROLL

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T20:27:04+00:00

HSCROLL [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] Sets the horizontal smooth scrolling value. Syntax ' On all Commodore platforms and the MEGA65: HSCROLL ' On the Commander X16: HSCROLL , * On [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [m65],

IF

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T20:28:00+00:00

IF [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] Conditional statements can be run using IF ... ELSE ... END IF blocks. Single-line syntax IF THEN [ELSE ] Block syntax IF THEN [ELSE ] END IF

INCBIN

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-11-24T10:48:13+00:00

INCBIN [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] Include raw binary data in the compiled program. Syntax INCBIN "path/to/binary_file" The INCBIN directive instructs the assembler to include a custom binary file. This is useful to include graphics, music or any kind of data - even machine code routines - in your program. The included file must be a path relative to the folder where the code module is.

INCLUDE

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-11-24T10:46:18+00:00

INCLUDE Syntax INCLUDE "path/to/filename.bas" The INCLUDE directive instructs the compiler to fetch the contents of another source file and include it in the current source. Nested includes are supported. The path must be a relative path to the current source file.

INLINE

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-11-24T10:48:12+00:00

INLINE INLINE is a reserved word that is not intended to be used in userland code.

INPUT#

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T20:30:00+00:00

INPUT# [vic20] [c16] [cplus4] [c64] [c128] [m65] The INPUT# command is used for reading strings from a file, into one or more variables. The file must be opened beforehand using the OPEN command. Syntax INPUT #, [, ] ...

INPUT

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T20:29:41+00:00

INPUT [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] Read a string from the keyboard. Syntax INPUT ["prompt";] [;] Variable must be a pre-defined STRING.

Installation and Usage

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-03-13T08:59:46+00:00

Installation and Usage Prerequisites * XC=BASIC is a console application and therefore you need to understand at least the very basics of using the console of your choice, e. g. executing commands, changing directories, copying files, etc. * XC=BASIC depends on

INT

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-11-24T10:07:05+00:00

INT The INT keyword can be used in several statements to designate a variable or value as a 16-bit signed binary number. See Data Types and DIM for more information.

FLOOR

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-08-22T13:32:32+00:00

FLOOR The FLOOR() function returns the integer part of a floating point value, also as a floating point number. INT()INT Function header DECLARE FUNCTION FLOOR AS FLOAT (num AS FLOAT) SHARED STATIC INLINE Example PRINT FLOOR(3.14159) : REM outputs 3

Interrupts

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T15:37:43+00:00

Interrupts [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] XC=BASIC allows you to set up interrupting rules and write routines that handle interrupts. The supported interrupt types are: * Timer interrupts, issued after every processor cycles where is a value between 1 and 65535 (supported on all targets)

JOY

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:11:28+00:00

JOY [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] The JOY() function returns the status of either joysticks. Function header DECLARE FUNCTION JOY AS BYTE (portnum AS BYTE) SHARED STATIC INLINE Where portnum is an expression that evaluates to 1 or 2.

KEY

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:12:59+00:00

KEY [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] The KEY() function tests whether a specified key is being depressed on the keyboard. Function declaration DECLARE FUNCTION _ KEY AS BYTE (scancode AS WORD) SHARED STATIC INLINE For the list of scan codes on particular platforms, see

Keyboard scan codes

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-03-24T20:12:04+00:00

Keyboard scan codes Since version 3.1.13, keyboard scan codes are available as predefined constants for some targets. All you need to do is INCLUDE the keyboard definition for the platform you're targeting. For example: INCLUDE "keycodes_c64.bas" ' For the Commodore-64 PRINT "press f1" DO UNTIL KEY(KEY_F1) <> 0 LOOP

Keyword Reference

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-03-15T20:56:06+00:00

Keyword Reference The following reserved keywords form the basic vocabulary of the language. The keywords may be spelled with either upper or lower case letters, or a mix of both. Therefore PRINT, print and Print are equivalent. Keywords A-Z *

KEYWORD

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-08-24T18:16:23+00:00

KEYWORD Syntax KEYWORD "and how it operates" Text here describes the KEYWORD directive/command/statement and what it does. Examples REM -- use the KEYWORD in code This text talks about the above code and offers further explanation if needed. Additional Details

LCASE$

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:13:16+00:00

LCASE$ The LCASE$() function converts all uppercase letters in its argument to their lowercase equivalent. Function header DECLARE FUNCTION LCASE$ AS STRING (instr$ AS STRING) SHARED STATIC INLINE Examples PRINT CHR$($0e) : REM switch to lowercase display PRINT LCASE$("THE String in LowerCase") : REM will output: "the string in lowercase"

LEFT$

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:13:25+00:00

LEFT$ The LEFT$() function returns the specified number of characters from the left side of a string. Syntax LEFT$(, ) is the number of chars to be returned. If it is greater than the string length then the entire string will be returned.

LEN

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:13:35+00:00

LEN The LEN() function counts the number of characters in a string. Function header DECLARE FUNCTION LEN AS BYTE (arg$ AS STRING) SHARED STATIC INLINE If the argument is a variable, the function will return the actual length of the string, rather than the length to which the variable was defined.

LET

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T20:31:02+00:00

LET [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] Syntax [LET] = The LET command assigns the value of an expression to a variable. Examples ' DIM some variables and assign values to them DIM x AS BYTE DIM y(10) AS INT LET x = 5 LET y(2) = x * 2

Library Reference

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-12-20T09:03:23+00:00

Library Reference Libraries are sets of Subroutines and/or Functions that are written in XC=BASIC or assembly language and provide shared functionality to be used in your program. Built-in Libraries The following libraries are packaged with XC=BASIC: * TRIGONO.BAS - library that implements fundamental trigonometric functions

LOAD

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T20:31:43+00:00

LOAD [vic20] [c16] [cplus4] [c64] [c128] [m65] Load a file from tape or disk to memory. Syntax LOAD , [, ] The LOAD command loads a binary file from the given device into memory using the KERNAL load routine.

LOCATE

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T20:32:44+00:00

LOCATE [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] The LOCATE command is used to set the cursor position. Syntax LOCATE ,

LOG

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:13:46+00:00

LOG The LOG() function returns the natural logarithm (log to the base of e) of the argument. Function header DECLARE FUNCTION LOG AS FLOAT (num AS FLOAT) SHARED STATIC INLINE Examples PRINT LOG(1.0) : REM outputs a number very close to zero PRINT LOG(10.0) : REM outputs 2.30259 PRINT LOG(100.0) / LOG(10.0) : REM outputs 2

LONG

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-11-24T10:09:32+00:00

LONG The LONG keyword can be used in several statements to designate a variable or value as a 24-bit signed binary number. See Data Types and DIM for more information.

MEMCPY

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T20:36:19+00:00

MEMCPY [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] Syntax MEMCPY , , The MEMCPY command calls a built-in routine that copies length number bytes in memory from source_address to destination_address

MEMCPYMV

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-12-29T22:00:07+00:00

MEMCPYMV [x16] Defined in X16.BAS. MEMCPYMV is a subroutine that copies an area from RAM to the VRAM. Subroutine header SUB MEMCPYMV (_ srcAddr AS WORD, _ targetAddr AS LONG, _ cntBytes AS WORD _ ) SHARED STATIC Example INCLUDE "x16.bas" ' Copy 1k of data from RAM address $0400 ' to VRAM address $10000 CALL MEMCPYMV($0400, $10000, 1024)

MEMCPYVM

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-12-29T22:00:34+00:00

MEMCPYVM [x16] Defined in X16.BAS. MEMCPYVM is a subroutine that copies an area from VRAM to RAM. Subroutine header SUB MEMCPYVM (srcAddr AS LONG, targetAddr AS WORD, cntBytes AS WORD) SHARED STATIC Example INCLUDE "x16.bas" CALL MEMCPYVM($10000, $0400, 1024) ' Copies 1k of data from address $10000 of the VRAM to RAM address $0400

Memory model

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2024-07-03T19:52:20+00:00

Memory model The following addresses are subject to change. Visit this page for updates. Zeropage [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [m65] $02-$14 19 bytes XC=BASIC Virtual Registers $15-$3A 38 bytes Floating point workspace

MEMSET

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T20:36:05+00:00

MEMSET [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] Syntax: MEMSET , , The MEMSET command calls a built-in routine that sets length number of bytes in memory to fill_value starting from source_address.

MEMSHIFT

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T20:35:48+00:00

MEMSHIFT [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] Syntax MEMSHIFT , , The MEMSHIFT command calls a built-in routine that copies length number bytes in memory from source_address to destination_address

MID$

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:14:03+00:00

MID$ The MID$() funcition returns characters from a sring, starting from . Syntax MID$(, , ) Example DIM in$ AS STRING * 30 in$ = "xc=basic programming language" PRINT MID$(in$, 9, 11) : REM outputs: programming

MOD

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T20:36:32+00:00

MOD [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] The MOD (“modulo”) operator solves the remainder of a division, after one number is divided by another. Syntax MOD Examples PRINT 5 MOD 2 : REM outputs 1 The above expression evaluates to 1, because 5 divided by 2 has a quotient of 2 and a remainder of 1.

MOUSEBTN

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-12-30T11:24:33+00:00

MOUSEBTN [x16] Defined in X16.BAS. Returns the mouse button state as a BYTE. Function header FUNCTION MOUSEBTN AS BYTE () SHARED STATIC * If the left button is pressed, Bit #0 is set * If the right button is pressed, Bit #1 is set * If the middle button is pressed, Bit #2 is set

MOUSEOFF

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-12-30T11:25:17+00:00

MOUSEOFF [x16] Defined in X16.BAS. Turns the mouse pointer off. Subroutine header SUB MOUSEOFF () SHARED STATIC Example INCLUDE "x16.bas" DIM btn AS BYTE CALL MOUSEON() PRINT "click left or middle button to get position" PRINT "or right button to exit" DO btn = MOUSEBTN() ' No button IF btn = 0 THEN CONTINUE DO ' Right button IF btn AND 2 THEN CALL MOUSEOFF() : END ' Any other button(s) PRINT "x: "; MOUSEX(), "y: "; MOUSEY() ' Now wait until the button is released DO : LOO…

MOUSEON

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-12-30T11:24:48+00:00

MOUSEON [x16] Defined in X16.BAS. Turns the mouse pointer on. Subroutine header SUB MOUSEON () SHARED STATIC Example INCLUDE "x16.bas" DIM btn AS BYTE CALL MOUSEON() PRINT "click left or middle button to get position" PRINT "or right button to exit" DO btn = MOUSEBTN() ' No button IF btn = 0 THEN CONTINUE DO ' Right button IF btn AND 2 THEN CALL MOUSEOFF() : END ' Any other button(s) PRINT "x: "; MOUSEX(), "y: "; MOUSEY() ' Now wait until the button is released DO : LOOP U…

MOUSEX

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-12-30T11:26:21+00:00

MOUSEX [x16] Defined in X16.BAS. Returns the X position of the mouse pointer. Function header FUNCTION MOUSEX AS WORD () SHARED STATIC Example INCLUDE "x16.bas" DIM btn AS BYTE CALL MOUSEON() PRINT "click left or middle button to get position" PRINT "or right button to exit" DO btn = MOUSEBTN() ' No button IF btn = 0 THEN CONTINUE DO ' Right button IF btn AND 2 THEN CALL MOUSEOFF() : END ' Any other button(s) PRINT "x: "; MOUSEX(), "y: "; MOUSEY() ' Now wait until the button…

MOUSEY

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-12-30T12:41:22+00:00

MOUSEY [x16] Defined in X16.BAS. Returns the Y position of the mouse pointer. Function header FUNCTION MOUSEY AS WORD () SHARED STATIC Example INCLUDE "x16.bas" DIM btn AS BYTE CALL MOUSEON() PRINT "click left or middle button to get position" PRINT "or right button to exit" DO btn = MOUSEBTN() ' No button IF btn = 0 THEN CONTINUE DO ' Right button IF btn AND 2 THEN CALL MOUSEOFF() : END ' Any other button(s) PRINT "x: "; MOUSEX(), "y: "; MOUSEY() ' Now wait until the button…

NOT

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T21:19:35+00:00

NOT [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] The unary NOT operator performs a bitwise negation operation. Syntax NOT The expression can be any type of numeric expression, except FLOAT.

ON

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T20:37:53+00:00

ON [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] The ON ... GOTO|GOSUB construct has multiple use cases: * ON GOTO|GOSUB is used for multiple branching * ON ERROR GOTO is used for error trapping * ON GOSUB is used for interrupt handling

OPEN

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T20:38:21+00:00

OPEN [vic20] [c16] [cplus4] [c64] [c128] [m65] The OPEN command opens a logical file. Syntax OPEN [, [, [, ]]]

Operators

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-07-04T09:53:20+00:00

Operators XC=BASIC provides the following operators: Arithmetic Operators * * (multiplication) * / (division) * MOD (modulo) * + (addition or string concatenation) * - (subtraction) Operands for the arithmetic operators can be any numeric expressions, with the exception of

OPTION

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T20:39:22+00:00

OPTION The OPTION directive sets various compilation options. Most of these options can be set from the command line as well. The OPTION directive gets higher priority than command line options. Syntax OPTION [= ] Examples To set the target machine, use:

OR

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T20:40:04+00:00

OR [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] The OR operator performs a bitwise OR operation. Syntax OR Both operands can be any type of numeric expression, except FLOAT.

ORIGIN

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T20:40:31+00:00

ORIGIN Syntax ORIGIN

The ORIGIN command instructs the assembler to compile subsequent code starting from an address other than the current address. * If the new address is less than the current address, the program won't compile. * If the new address is greater than the current address, the gap between the current and new address will be filled in with $FF bytes.

OVERLOAD

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T20:40:55+00:00

OVERLOAD [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] The OVERLOAD keyword denotes that the subroutine or function overloads another one with the same name. See SUB and FUNCTION for details.

PEEK

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:19:48+00:00

PEEK The PEEK() function returns the content of the specified memory address. The return value is a number between 0 and 255. Function declaration DECLARE FUNCTION PEEK AS BYTE (address AS WORD) SHARED STATIC INLINE ' MEGA65 only DECLARE FUNCTION PEEK AS BYTE (address AS LONG) OVERRIDE SHARED STATIC INLINE

PETSCII escape sequences

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-01-26T10:01:41+00:00

PETSCII escape sequences Sequence Alias(es) Value{ARROW_LEFT} {ARROW LEFT} $5f{ARROW_UP} {ARROW UP} $5e{BLACK} $90{BLUE} $1f{BROWN} $95{CLR} {CLEAR} $93{CRSR_DOWN} {DOWN} $11{CRSR_LEFT} {LEFT} $9d{CRSR_RIGHT} {RIGHT} $1d{CRSR_UP}

POKE

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T20:56:51+00:00

POKE [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] Syntax POKE

, The POKE command stores a value into the given memory address. Examples REM ** turn border to black ** POKE 53280, 0 See also * PEEK

POS

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:16:08+00:00

POS [c64] [vic20] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] The POS() function returns the current column position of the cursor. Function header DECLARE FUNCTION POS AS BYTE () SHARED STATIC INLINE Example PRINT "after printing this text{13}the cursor will be in column: "; PRINT POS()

POW

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:16:19+00:00

POW The POW() function computes the power of a number. Function header DECLARE FUNCTION POW AS FLOAT (base AS FLOAT, exp AS FLOAT) SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION POW AS LONG (base AS INT, exp AS BYTE) OVERLOAD SHARED STATIC INLINE base↑exp

Preprocessing

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-03-22T13:11:29+00:00

Preprocessing Many programming languages feature a preprocessor that processes macros, allows conditional compilation based on certain criteria, etc. XC=BASIC doesn't have a preprocessor, but you can use a third-party (generic) preprocessor as part of your toolchain.

PRINT#

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T21:10:38+00:00

PRINT# [vic20] [c16] [cplus4] [c64] [c128] [m65] The PRINT# command outputs one or more values to a previously opened file. Use the OPEN statement to open the file first. Syntax PRINT #, [,|; ] ... [;] * must evaluate to a number between 0 and 15 and must refer to a file that was previously opened using the

PRINT

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T21:09:40+00:00

PRINT [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] Output strings and numbers on the currently selected screen, at the current cursor position. Syntax PRINT [ ,|; ] ... [;] Expressions can be of any type, excluding user-defined types. Expressions are separated with commas (

PRIVATE

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T21:11:45+00:00

PRIVATE The PRIVATE keyword denotes that a method is only callable within the type in which it was defined. Read more in User-Defined Types.

PUT#

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-21T16:07:56+00:00

PUT# Syntax: PUT #, The PUT# command outputs a single numeric value to a file that was previously open using the OPEN command. Writing numeric values to a file using PUT# instead of PRINT# is more efficient space and speedwise because

RANDOMIZE

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T21:12:00+00:00

RANDOMIZE [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] The RANDOMIZE command seeds the pseudo-random generator with an initial value. Syntax RANDOMIZE The value given must be a LONG number and it will serve as a base for the random sequence.

READ#

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T21:19:05+00:00

READ# [vic20] [c16] [cplus4] [c64] [c128] [m65] The READ# command is used for restoring the contents of a variable from a file. The file must be opened first using OPEN. Syntax READ #, [, ... ] The READ# command is similar to

REM

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T21:19:34+00:00

REM [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] Syntax REM or ' The REM keyword marks a comment until the end of that line. The compiler will ignore it.

RETURN

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-11-24T11:29:57+00:00

RETURN The RETURN keyword can be used: * To return control after the last GOSUB statement * To return a value from a FUNCTION

RIGHT$

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:20:02+00:00

RIGHT$ The RIGHT$() function returns the specified number of characters from the right side of a string. Syntax RIGHT$(, ) is the number of chars to be returned. If it is greater than the string length then the entire string will be returned.

RND

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:20:13+00:00

RND The RND() function returns a pseudo-random floating point number, between 0 and 1. Function header DECLARE FUNCTION RND AS FLOAT () SHARED STATIC INLINE Example ' Display a sequence of 10 random numbers RANDOMIZE TI() FOR i AS BYTE = 1 TO 10 PRINT RND() NEXT

RNDB

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:20:30+00:00

RNDB The RNDB() function returns a pseudo-random 8-bit unsigned number, between 0 and 255. Function header DECLARE FUNCTION RNDB AS BYTE () SHARED STATIC INLINE Example ' Display a sequence of 10 random numbers RANDOMIZE TI() FOR i AS BYTE = 1 TO 10 PRINT RNDB() NEXT

RNDI

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:20:39+00:00

RNDI The RNDI() function returns a pseudo-random 16-bit signed number, between -32,768 and 32,767. Function header DECLARE FUNCTION RNDI AS INT () SHARED STATIC INLINE Example ' Display a sequence of 10 random numbers RANDOMIZE TI() FOR i AS BYTE = 1 TO 10 PRINT RNDI() NEXT

RNDL

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:20:50+00:00

RNDL The RNDL() function returns a pseudo-random 24-bit signed number, between -8,388,608 and 8,388,607. Function header DECLARE FUNCTION RNDL AS LONG () SHARED STATIC INLINE Example ' Display a sequence of 10 random numbers RANDOMIZE TI() FOR i AS BYTE = 1 TO 10 PRINT RNDL() NEXT

RNDW

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:21:03+00:00

RNDW The RNDW() function returns a pseudo-random 16-bit unsigned number, between 0 and 65,535. Function header DECLARE FUNCTION RNDW AS WORD () SHARED STATIC INLINE Example ' Display a sequence of 10 random numbers RANDOMIZE TI() FOR i AS BYTE = 1 TO 10 PRINT RNDW() NEXT

SAVE

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T21:20:04+00:00

SAVE [vic20] [c16] [cplus4] [c64] [c128] [m65] The SAVE command saves a memory area into a file on the given device. The first two bytes in the file will contain the start address. Syntax SAVE , , ,

SCAN

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:21:19+00:00

SCAN [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] The SCAN() function tells which scan line is currently draw on the screen. Function declaration DECLARE FUNCTION _ SCAN AS WORD () SHARED STATIC INLINE Example ' A simple raster effect SYSTEM INTERRUPT OFF start: DO : LOOP WHILE SCAN() < 160 BORDER 3 DO : LOOP WHILE SCAN() > 10 BORDER 0 GOTO start

SCREEN

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-12-29T19:19:42+00:00

SCREEN [c64] [c128] The SCREEN command switches between multiple logical screens by changing the Video Matrix Base Address. Syntax SCREEN Where must be a value between 0 and 15. The value multiplied by $0400 (decimal 1024) will be the new Base Address within the currently selected VIC bank. The default VIC bank is 0 and the default screen number is 1, therefore the default Base Address is $0400 (decimal 1024).

SELECT CASE

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T21:20:20+00:00

SELECT CASE [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] Executes one of several statement blocks depending on the value of an expression. Syntax SELECT CASE CASE [, , ... ] CASE IS CASE TO CASE ELSE END SELECT

SETCLOCK

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-12-29T21:52:55+00:00

SETCLOCK [x16] Defined in X16.BAS. Sets the date and time. Subroutine header SUB SETCLOCK ( _ year AS BYTE, _ month AS BYTE, _ day AS BYTE, _ hour AS BYTE, _ min AS BYTE, _ sec AS BYTE _ ) SHARED STATIC Example INCLUDE "x16.bas" ' Set the clock to 2022-12-29 21:50:00 ' Note: year is 1900-based CALL SETCLOCK(122, 12, 29, 21, 50, 0)

SGN

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:21:32+00:00

SGN The SGN() function returns the sign of a numerical argument as follows: ArgumentResultnegative value-1zero0positive value (excluding zero) 1 Function header DECLARE FUNCTION SGN AS INT (num AS BYTE) SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION SGN AS INT (num AS INT) OVERLOAD SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION SGN AS INT (num AS WORD) OVERLOAD SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION SGN AS INT (num AS LONG) OVERLOAD SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION SGN AS INT (num AS FLOAT) OVERLOAD SHARED S…

SHARED

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T21:22:06+00:00

SHARED [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] The SHARED keyword can be used in multiple statements to denote that the identifier being defined has shared visibility, meaning that it is visible from within all code modules. See also * CONST * DIM

SHL

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:21:55+00:00

SHL The SHL() function returns a number bit-shifted positions to the left. Function header DECLARE FUNCTION SHL AS BYTE (num AS BYTE, n AS BYTE) SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION SHL AS INT (num AS INT, n AS BYTE) OVERLOAD SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION SHL AS WORD (num AS WORD, n AS BYTE) OVERLOAD SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION SHL AS LONG (num AS LONG, n AS BYTE) OVERLOAD SHARED STATIC INLINE

Showcase

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2024-06-09T08:31:40+00:00

Showcase Demos and games written in XC=BASIC 3. If you'd like to show your work to the World, send it to me and I'll post it here. Warzone by Orlof Welcome to Warzone - epic battle for dominance! In this Commodore 64 game two players take the helm of rival nations locked in a relentless war for supremacy.

SHR

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:22:24+00:00

SHR The SHR() function returns a number bit-shifted positions to the right. Function header DECLARE FUNCTION SHR AS BYTE (num AS BYTE, n AS BYTE) SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION SHR AS INT (num AS INT, n AS BYTE) OVERLOAD SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION SHR AS WORD (num AS WORD, n AS BYTE) OVERLOAD SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION SHR AS LONG (num AS LONG, n AS BYTE) OVERLOAD SHARED STATIC INLINE

v3:sidebar

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-12-31T20:44:01+00:00

* Showcase * Installation and Usage * Syntax * Data Types * Variables * Operators * Arithmetic expressions * Strings * Control Flow Statements * Subroutines * Functions * User-Defined Types * Code Modules * Error Handling * File I/O * Interrupts * Keyword Reference * Function Reference * Library Reference * Appendix * Memory model * PETSCII escape sequences * Keyboard scan codes * Commander X16 support * News & Announcements * Discussion …

SIN

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:22:34+00:00

SIN (Defined in TRIGONO.BAS) The SIN() function returns the sine of the argument. Function Header DECLARE FUNCTION SIN AS FLOAT (x AS FLOAT) SHARED STATIC TRIGONO.BAS Examples INCLUDE "trigono.bas" PRINT SIN(0) : REM outputs a number very close to zero, see the below note PRINT SIN(0.785398) : REM outputs .707704

SOUND CLEAR

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T21:25:12+00:00

SOUND CLEAR [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] Resets all voice registers. Syntax SOUND CLEAR This is useful at parts of the programs to make sure that all sounds stop and all sound-related values are reset to original. See also *

SPRITE CLEAR HIT

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T21:24:40+00:00

SPRITE CLEAR HIT [c64] [c128] [m65] Clears sprite collision status. Syntax SPRITE CLEAR HIT Executing this command immediate before the SPRITEHIT and SPRITEBGHIT functions are checked, the immediate status is returned. Otherwise, the hit check functions will return if sprites were involved in a collision since the status was last cleared.

SPRITE MULTICOLOR

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T21:24:54+00:00

SPRITE MULTICOLOR [c64] [c128] [m65] The SPRITE MULTICOLOR commands sets the two global color values that apply to all multicolor sprites. Syntax SPRITE MULTICOLOR , Where and are expressions that evaluate to a number between 0 and 15.

SPRITE

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-06-03T20:07:51+00:00

SPRITE [c64] [c128] [x16] [m65] The SPRITE command sets various properties of a single sprite, including visibility, shape, color, etc. Syntax SPRITE ... Where is an expression that evaluates to a number between 0 and 7 and

SPRITEBGHIT

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:22:48+00:00

SPRITEBGHIT [c64] [c128] [m65] Checks for sprite to background collision. Function declaration DECLARE FUNCTION _ SPRITEBGHIT AS BYTE (sprno AS BYTE) SHARED STATIC INLINE If the sprite specified by has previously come in contact with the background graphics, the function will return 255 (true), 0 (false) otherwise.

SPRITEHIT

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:23:51+00:00

SPRITEHIT [c64] [c128] [m65] Checks for sprite to sprite collision. Function declaration DECLARE FUNCTION _ SPRITEHIT AS BYTE (sprno AS BYTE) SHARED STATIC INLINE If the sprite specified by has previously come in contact with any other sprite(s), the function will return 255 (true), 0 (false) otherwise.

Sprites

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-22T06:24:47+00:00

Sprites [v3.1] [c64] [c128] With XC=BASIC, you can display, move and animate sprites easily, as well as you can detect sprite collisions intuitively. * The SPRITE command sets various properties of a single sprite, including visibility, shape, color, etc.

SQR

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:24:02+00:00

SQR The SQR() function returns the square root of a number. Function header DECLARE FUNCTION SQR AS BYTE (num AS INT) SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION SQR AS BYTE (num AS WORD) OVERLOAD SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION SQR AS WORD (num AS LONG) OVERLOAD SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION SQR AS FLOAT (num AS FLOAT) OVERLOAD SHARED STATIC INLINE

ST

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-24T07:45:08+00:00

ST The ST() function returns the status after the last input-output operation, for example during a disk or tape read or write. Function header DECLARE FUNCTION ST AS BYTE () SHARED STATIC INLINE Example REM -- dump raw contents of a file DIM char$ AS STRING * 1 CONST EOF = 64 OPEN 2, 8, 2, "filename" DO WHILE ST() <> EOF GET #2, char$ PRINT char$; LOOP CLOSE 2

Welcome to XC=BASIC 3

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-02-21T09:19:09+00:00

Welcome to XC=BASIC 3 XC=BASIC is a cross compiled, modern BASIC programming language for 8-bit Commodore (and alike) machines, such as * Commodore-64 * Commodore VIC-20 * Commodore-16 * Commodore Plus/4 * Commodore-128 * Commodore PET series

STATIC

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-11-25T11:04:31+00:00

STATIC The STATIC keyword can be used: * For defining a static variable in a dynamic sub or function. See DIM. * For defining a subroutine or function static. See SUB and FUNCTION.

STR$

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:24:17+00:00

STR$ The STR$() function converts any type of numeric value into string. Function header DECLARE FUNCTION STR$ AS STRING (number AS BYTE) SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION STR$ AS STRING (number AS INT) OVERRIDE SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION STR$ AS STRING (number AS WORD) OVERRIDE SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION STR$ AS STRING (number AS LONG) OVERRIDE SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION STR$ AS STRING (number AS FLOAT) OVERRIDE SHARED STATIC INLINE DECLARE FUNCTION STR$ A…

STRING

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-11-24T11:02:22+00:00

STRING The STRING keyword can be used in several statements to designate a variable or value as a string. See also * Data Types * DIM * Strings

Strings

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-02-12T10:45:33+00:00

Strings Strings are fixed-length series of PETSCII characters. The maximum length of a string is 96 characters. String literals String literals must be enclosed between double quote (“) characters and may contain any ASCII character. Every ASCII

SUB

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T21:25:49+00:00

SUB [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] The SUB keyword starts a subroutine block. Syntax SUB ([ AS [, AS ]...]) [OVERLOAD] [PRIVATE|SHARED] [STATIC] END SUB * must be a valid

Subroutines

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2024-07-30T22:43:11+00:00

Subroutines While you can use the GOSUB command in pair with RETURN to call parts of code as subroutines, the more sophisticated way of implementing subroutines is using the SUB ... END SUB block. Defining Subroutines Subroutines are named routines that accept zero or more arguments. The simplest syntax to define a subroutine is the following:

SWAP

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-29T21:26:02+00:00

SWAP [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] The SWAP command is used to exchange the values of two variables. Syntax SWAP , After the operation, the variable left will have the value of right and vice versa. Example

Syntax

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-03-15T21:07:43+00:00

Syntax Vocabulary The following reserved keywords form the basic vocabulary of the language. The keywords may be spelled with either upper or lower case letters, or a mix of both. Therefore PRINT, print and Print are equivalent. Identifiers Identifiers are used to name constants, variables, labels, subs and functions in XC=BASIC. You may choose identifiers as you wish, following these rules:

SYS

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T18:53:53+00:00

SYS [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] The SYS commands calls a machine language subroutine at the specified address. Syntax SYS

[FAST] If used without the FAST directive, SYS will do the same as in CBM BASIC, that is, it will load the accumulator, the X and the Y register, and the status register from addresses $030C-$030F (on C64 and VIC-20) or $07F2-$07F5 (on CPlus/4 and C16) before the call. When the subroutine exits,

TAN

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:24:27+00:00

TAN (Defined in TRIGONO.BAS) The TAN() function returns the arctangent of the argument. The inverse function of TAN() is ATN. Function header DECLARE FUNCTION TAN AS FLOAT (x AS FLOAT) SHARED STATIC TRIGONO.BAS Example INCLUDE "trigono.bas" PRINT TAN(PI / 4) : REM outputs a number very close to 1, see below note

TEXTAT

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T18:53:36+00:00

TEXTAT [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] The TEXTAT command outputs a string at the given X and Y position of the currently selected screen without affecting the cursor position. Syntax TEXTAT , , [, ]

THIS

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T18:54:14+00:00

THIS [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] THIS is a special variable that refers to the instance on which the method was called. Example TYPE vector x AS INT y AS INT SUB TRANSLATE(dx AS INT, dy AS INT) THIS.x = THIS.x + dx THIS.y = THIS.y + dy END SUB END TYPE DIM v AS vector v.x = 10 : v.y = 10 CALL v.TRANSLATE(5, 5) PRINT v.x, v.y

TI

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-12-31T21:09:41+00:00

TI [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] The TI() function returns the total count of jiffies (1/60 second time increments) since power-on. It returns the same value as the system variable TI in CBM BASIC. Header DECLARE FUNCTION TI AS LONG () SHARED STATIC INLINE

TRIGONO.BAS

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-16T22:51:00+00:00

TRIGONO.BAS The trigono.bas library implements fundamental trigonometric functions. Usage You must include the library before you can use its features (preferably at the top of your program): INCLUDE "trigono.bas" Constants SHARED CONST PI = 3.14159

TYPE

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T18:54:35+00:00

TYPE [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] The TYPE keyword starts a new user-defined type (UDT) block. Syntax TYPE AS [ AS ] [...] [SUB ...] [FUNCTION ...] [...] END TYPE

UCASE$

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:24:50+00:00

UCASE$ The UCASE$() function converts all lowercase letters in a string to their uppercase equivalent. Function header DECLARE FUNCTION UCASE$ AS STRING (instr$ AS STRING) SHARED STATIC INLINE Examples PRINT CHR$($0e) : REM switch to lowercase display PRINT UCASE$("THE String in UpperCase") : REM will output: "THE STRING IN UPPERCASE"

User-Defined Types

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-11-22T07:46:48+00:00

User-Defined Types User-defined types (or UDT's) allow you to create your own data structures. In its simplest form, a type definition is a bunch of field definitions inside a TYPE ... END TYPE block. The following example illustrates a very simple type definition:

VAL

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:25:32+00:00

VAL The VAL() function converts a string to a floating point number. Function header DECLARE FUNCTION VAL AS FLOAT (instr$ AS STRING) SHARED STATIC INLINE Examples DIM pi AS FLOAT pi = VAL("3.14159")

Variables

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-12-29T18:53:56+00:00

Variables XC=BASIC is a statically typed programming language which means that the type of a variable is known at compile time. All variables have a type and that type cannot change. Defining Variables In an XC=BASIC program, all variables must be defined before they're used. Either you define them using the

VMEMSET

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-12-30T09:44:34+00:00

VMEMSET [x16] Defined in X16.BAS Fills an area in the VRAM with the given value. Subroutine header SUB VMEMSET (vAddr AS LONG, cntBytes AS WORD, value AS BYTE) SHARED STATIC Example INCLUDE "x16.bas" ' Clear the bitmap CALL VMEMSET(0, 11264, 0) See also

VMODE

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T14:03:35+00:00

VMODE [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] Selects the video display mode. Syntax [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [m65] VMODE [TEXT|BITMAP|EXT] [HIRES|MULTI] [ROWS ] [COLS ] * TEXT selects text mode * BITMAP selects bitmap mode *

VOICE

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T17:22:29+00:00

VOICE [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] Selects various properties like waveform, tone, filters, etc. of a voice. The command is also used for turning a voice on or off. The command implements a uniform interface to the VIC, TED, SID and VERA chips, however differences between the sound capabilities of these chips must be considered as explained in more details below.

VOLUME

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:03:00+00:00

VOLUME [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [m65] Sets the master volume for all voices. Syntax VOLUME [,] * is optional and defines on which SID chip the filter values should be set. If it isn't provided, it defaults to 1. This parameter is useful on multi-SID systems, for example a C64 equipped with two SID chips, or the M65 that has four SID chips. The number must be between 1 and 4.

VPEEK

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-12-30T13:26:39+00:00

VPEEK [x16] Defined in X16.BAS. The VPEEK() function returns the value stored in a VRAM address. Function header FUNCTION VPEEK AS BYTE (addr AS LONG) SHARED STATIC Example INCLUDE "x16.bas" PRINT VPEEK($1B000) See also * VPOKE

VPOKE

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-12-29T22:03:36+00:00

VPOKE [x16] Defined in X16.BAS. Set a byte in the video address space. Subroutine header SUB VPOKE (addr AS LONG, value AS BYTE) SHARED STATIC Example INCLUDE "x16.bas" ' SET THE COLORS OF THE CHARACTER ' AT (0,0) TO RED ON WHITE CALL VPOKE($1B001, 18) See also

VSCROLL

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:03:34+00:00

VSCROLL [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] Sets the vertical smooth scrolling value. Syntax ' On all Commodore platforms: VSCROLL ' On the Commander X16: VSCROLL , * On [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [m65], is a value between 0 and 7. The default scroll value is 3. Values bellow this will move the screen upwards, values above this will move it downwards.

WAIT

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:03:53+00:00

WAIT [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] The WAIT command is used to halt the program until the contents of a memory location changes in a specific way. Syntax WAIT

, [, ] The contents of the memory location are first exciusive-ORed with (if present), and then logically ANDed with . If the result is zero, the program goes back to that memory location and checks again. When the result is nonzero, the program continues with the next statement…

WORD

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-11-24T10:08:32+00:00

WORD The WORD keyword can be used in several statements to designate a variable or value as a 16-bit unsigned binary number. See Data Types and DIM for more information.

WRITE#

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:04:11+00:00

WRITE# [vic20] [c16] [cplus4] [c64] [c128] [m65] The WRITE# command is used for saving the contents of a variable to a file. The file must be opened first using OPEN. WRITE #, [, , ... ] The WRITE# command is similar to

X16_COPY_MV

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-12-26T11:49:11+00:00

X16_COPY_MV [x16] (Defined in x16.bas) The X16_COPY_MV subroutine copies an area of RAM to the VRAM. Subroutine header SUB X16_COPY_MV (srcAddr AS WORD, targetAddr AS LONG, cntBytes AS WORD) _ SHARED STATIC Where * scrAddr is a number between 0 and 65535 and denotes the start of the memory area in RAM

X16.BAS

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-12-29T21:40:46+00:00

X16.BAS The x16.bas library lets you access the improved functionality of the Commander X16. Usage You must include the library before you can use its features (preferably at the top of your program): INCLUDE "x16.bas" Subroutines * MEMCPYMV * MEMCPYVM * MOUSEON

XOR

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-05-30T19:04:26+00:00

XOR [pet] [vic20] [c64] [c16] [cplus4] [c128] [x16] [m65] The XOR operator performs a bitwise exclusive-or operation. Syntax XOR Both operands can be any type of numeric expression except FLOAT.